A wheelset, as an important part of a high-speed train, mainly consists of three types of components: an axle, two wheels, and some wheelset bearings. When a high-speed train is running, the wheelsets commonly operate under harsh conditions, such as natural wear, random impacts, exposure to rapid humidity and thermal variations, and rolling contact fatigue. A wheelset bearing is a key part of a wheelset, which maintains the energy-stable transmission between the driven system and the wheelset. The rapid and long-term alternating transmission may lead to the accelerated wear and failure of the train wheelset bearings and ultimately endanger the safety of the railway service . Therefore, it is very important to monitor the running condition of the train wheelset bearings.The operating conditions of wheelset bearings in railway rolling stock are very demanding. These include high radial impact loads caused by rail track joints, the switching of points and sometimes wheel flats, as well as static and dynamic radial loads that result from carriage weight. There is also the likelihood of axial loads generated by lateral movement, as trains frequently run on curved rails or in a snaking motion. All of these forces together form complex loading combinations that act on wheelset bearings, demanding very fine tuning of the bearing’s internal rolling geometry. Add to this the necessary protection against ambient elements such as dust, sand and rain, as well as a requirement for very long maintenance intervals, and the complexity of product development is clear to see.